Obesity and Metabolic Disorders

Bariatric and Metabolic Surgery: Advances and Outcomes

Surgical interventions remain the most effective long-term treatment for severe obesity and its associated metabolic disorders. Procedures such as Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, sleeve gastrectomy, and biliopancreatic diversion not only promote significant weight loss but also induce rapid improvements in glycemic control, cardiovascular risk, and overall survival. Recent innovations focus on minimally invasive techniques, improved perioperative care, and long-term outcome monitoring. The metabolic benefits of surgery extend beyond weight reduction, highlighting the hormonal and microbiota shifts that contribute to remission of type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome.