Insulin Resistance and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Insulin resistance is the hallmark of type 2 diabetes mellitus, where impaired insulin signaling in skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and the liver results in hyperglycemia and metabolic imbalance. The pathogenesis involves defective insulin receptor activity, increased free fatty acids, and chronic inflammation contributing to β-cell stress and eventual dysfunction. This progression links obesity directly to type 2 diabetes development, making early detection and intervention critical. Novel biomarkers, lifestyle modifications, pharmacological agents, and emerging therapies such as incretin-based treatments are transforming management approaches to mitigate long-term complications.